To carry out the decisions reached in his intimate and secret High Council, Louis relied chiefly on his provincial intendants. Drawing all things to his sumptuous Palace of Versailles, the “Sun King” constructed an opulent form of courtly Louis XIV ruled in France from 1643 until 1715. In his industrial policy Colbert believed that France needed to produce for itself those manufactured goods that it was importing. Search for other works by this author on: © The Author(s) 2019. Lionne, the expert in foreign affairs, had been the chief French negotiator at the Peace of the Pyrenees. It examines the intellectual inspirations for Frederick’s military ideas, showing that French military influence reflected the strength of French cultural influence in the long eighteenth century and the importance of Louis XIV as a model for monarchical self-representation. It was a standing army of hitherto undreamed-of size, reaching 400,000 men in times of war and requiring close regulation in matters of discipline, training, recruitment, supply, and overall organization. The example of Frederick thus demonstrates that not only rulers but also enlightened philosophers often looked backwards toward older monarchical examples. It should be remembered that all important matters of state were reviewed at the High Council; and the king’s ministers were expected to give advice and opinions on all that was discussed, not simply on matters in the area of their particular expertise. In the provinces they could exercise powers of police; raise military forces; regulate industrial, commercial, and agricultural matters; enforce censorship; administer the financial affairs of various communities; assign and collect taxes; and wield considerable judicial authority in civil and criminal affairs. Colbert also had some success in other industries, such as sugar refining, plate-glass making, and the production of silk, naval stores, and armaments. Louis XIV thought that the world should revolve around him. The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Moliere, Cromwell, Milton Book 8) (Story of Civilization (Audio)): Will Durant, Ariel Durant: 9781481512763: Amazon.com: Books Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? Accordingly, we provide you with all hints and cheats and needed answers to accomplish the required crossword and find a final word of the puzzle group. Most users should sign in with their email address. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the German History Society. His effective influence on Louis is difficult to gauge; he certainly was not the sole source of advice in foreign affairs. Throughout his long reign Louis XIV (1643–1715) never lost the hold over his people he had assumed at the beginning. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Dr Adam Storring’s article ‘‘The Age of Louis XIV‘‘: Frederick the Great and French Ways of War, published in German History, demonstrates that the military ideas of King Frederick the Great of Prussia up to the Seven Years War (1756–1763) were primarily inspired by France, and particularly by the towering figure of King Louis XIV. THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY. To purchase short term access, please sign in to your Oxford Academic account above. Inevitably, these agents of the central government created considerable friction and hostility. XII (Age of Louis XIV) Taken from the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works, this is one of Voltaire’s pioneering works of history. He created a royal army that wore the king’s uniform; it was commanded by his officers and was ultimately responsible to the sovereign. By far one of the most dynamic and aggressive monarchs in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the longest reigning monarch in history, Louis XIV’s ambitions knew no Item Number: 82413 London: Printed for R. Dodsley, 1752. Only toward the end of the reign, with the establishment of the Council of Commerce in 1700, did a less regulatory policy show signs of emerging. In 1673 Louis produced regulations stipulating that the court’s remonstrances against royal enactments sent to it could in future be made only after the laws concerned had been registered. The overall results of his hard work, however, were disappointing. In fact, this topic is meant to untwist the answers of CodyCross French philosopher who wrote The Age of Louis XIV. In 1664, Colbert was appointed superintendent of the king’s buildings; in 1665, controller general of finances; in 1669, secretary of state for the navy. In 1661 the now 23-year old Louis Stationed in the capital cities of France’s 30-odd généralités, or administrative districts, the intendants were, like the ministers, appointed by the king. The King was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war, notably against Spain. King Louis Xiv Baroque Style Essay 262 Words 2 Pages King Louis XIV of France used the Baroque style of art in an effective attempt to represent himself as an absolute monarch due to many stylistic choices this particular style has that would enable him to get his power across more effectively than any other style. The authoritarian element of Louis XIV’s reign is undeniable: he was determined that no institution or social class would escape the supervision of the crown and its ministers. The Age of Louis XIV is one of his best-known histories. 1186 The … The Age of Louis XIVFrench Civilization.During the long reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715) France dominated affairs throughout Europe. VOLTAIRE (AROUET, François-Marie). A … The evidence of French influence on Frederick seriously challenges concepts of a ‘German Way of War’, and indeed of supposed national ‘ways of war’ in general, emphasizing the need for a transnational approach to the history of military thought. Each of these subdivisions of the king’s council contained more members than the exclusive High Council, made up of the secretaries of state and of financial and judicial experts. Delphian: DCD34109. He also attempted to protect French colonial interests in the West Indies and Canada. Notes - The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Moliere, Cromwell, Milton, Peter the Great, Newton, and Spinoza: 1648-1715 - by Will The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy Author William James Roosen Publisher Transaction Publishers, 1976 ISBN 141281667X, 9781412816670 Length 208 pages Subjects The Age of Louis XIV: The Story of Civilization, Volume VIII Volume 8 of The Story of Civilization Authors Will Durant, Ariel Durant Publisher Simon and Schuster, 2011 ISBN 1451647654, 9781451647655 Length 803 pages Subjects Colbert, however, remains the best-known of these intimate counselors. It is the era of the "Sun King," Louis XIV, one of the most powerful rulers in Western history. In this book, Voltaire is painting to posterity, not the actions of one man, Louis XIV, but more importantly the minds of men in the most enlightened age that ever was. The Works of Voltaire, Vol. This practice may be seen first in his attitude to the machinery of central government. He refurbished the hospitals in each of the major ports; rebuilt the arsenals at Toulon and Rochefort; and increased the size of the navy from about 25 ships in 1661 to 144 in 1677. Frederick’s famous outflanking manoeuvres followed the example of famous French generals, reflecting the practice of the more mobile armies of the mid-seventeenth century. The success of Le Tellier and of his son Louvois, who succeeded him, goes far to explain the dominance of French arms in Europe during Louis’s reign. Adam L Storring, ‘The Age of Louis XIV’: Frederick the Great and French Ways of War, German History, Volume 38, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 24–46, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz069. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. Due to his young age, Cardinal Mazarin, the Chief Administer, assumed the responsibility of ruling France up until his death in 1661. Louis’s inner council was based on the model of the royal council in Richelieu’s days, a High Council (Conseil d’en Haut) consisting of only three or four members and excluding the king’s own relatives. The use of intendants, who held neither venal nor hereditary office, was one way in which the limiting effect of the sale of office on royal policies could be circumvented. Thus, the power of patronage, which had been exercised for generations in provincial noble households, began to lose its political significance as the king’s ministers built up their own alternative administrative clienteles. Because of his famous reign, Louis XIV is recognized as the most powerful monarch ever. Skilled foreign workmen were persuaded to settle in France and to pass on their skills to native artisans; protective tariffs were imposed. St. John’s College, University of Cambridge. Frederick sought to create his own ‘Age of Louis XIV’ in the military sphere by imitating the great French generals of the Sun King. These three men dominated the government in the early years of Louis’s personal reign, but always, as with Richelieu and Louis XIII, under the watchful and jealous eye of the king. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. In this book, Voltaire is painting to posterity, not the actions of one man, Louis XIV, but more importantly the minds of men in the most enlightened age that ever was. Yet he made surprisingly few institutional or administrative changes in the structure of government. This item: The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Moliere, Cromwell… by Will Durant Hardcover $42.90 Only 1 left in stock - order soon. This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. In particular, because the Fronde had remained a painful memory from his childhood, the king never allowed the great nobles a similar opportunity for revolt. The Age of Louis XIV is one of his best-known histories. Political Economy in the Habsburg Monarchy 1750–1774: The Contribution of Ludwig Zinzendorf, A People’s Music: Jazz in East Germany, 1945–1990, 1938: Der “Anschluss” im internationalen Kontext, Korruption im Kaiserreich: Debatten und Skandale zwischen 1871 und 1914, Norm und Reform: Anatomische Körperbilder in Wien um 1925, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Louis XIV, detail of a portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701; in the Louvre, Paris. Louis XIV assumed the throne when he was only five years old, and instability, revolt, and other troubles plagued his early years Louis used court ritual and the arts to validate and augment his control over France. With his support, Colbert established from the beginning of Louis' personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image. The Age of Louis XIV: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Pascal, Molière Michel Laclotte (544 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article 1957), Paris : Éd. The age of Louis XIV by Voltaire, 1694-1778; Griffith, R., [from old catalog] tr Louis XIV built the extravagant Palace of Versailles. In the eighth volume of their Story of Civilization, the Durants explore the apex of European civilization to that time, the years 1648 to 1715. Members of this council were known as ministers, but they held no formal right to the title and ceased to be a minister if the king chose not to summon them. He buttressed his authority with the divine-right doctrines elaborated by Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and proclaimed it across Europe by force of arms. 12 Tim Blanning has argued, however, that Louis XIV’s baroque style of monarchy, focused on representation, became … All rights reserved. If you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in. Second edition of Voltaire’s history of the reign of Louis XIV. Versailles became a place of surveillance for pensioned noblemen and their families whose only serious occupation was the traditional one of arms, and Louis provided ample opportunities for this pursuit. His mother was … Credit: 3 semester hours. You do not currently have access to this article. These new men, with no local roots, answerable only to the king and acting almost invariably in an authoritarian context, were deeply resented by older royal officials, by municipal authorities and guilds, and by local parlements and estates—all of whom operated through well-established channels and according to traditional local privileges. The Age of Louis XIV. The Age of Louis XIV is the biography of a period (1648 - 1715) that Spengler considered the apex of modern European civilization. The Privy Council (Conseil Privé) judged disputes between individuals or bodies and dispensed the king’s supreme and final judgments. Under Colbert, the total sum levied from indirect taxation rose from 36 million livres to 62 million. France - France - The age of Louis XIV: Throughout his long reign Louis XIV (1643–1715) never lost the hold over his people he had assumed at the beginning. He also established schools of marine engineering, hydrography, and cartography. Voltaire hints somewhere he would have preferred a title that expresses the idea of near-perfection, as in three earlier ages of Greece, Rome, Italy and the Medici. A Kingdom of Images: French Prints in the Age of Louis XIV, 1660–1715 June 16–September 6, 2015 Getty Research Institute Events of the Year 1713 (detail), Dumesnil, 1714. Born on September 5, 1638, to King Louis XIII of France (1601-1643) and his Habsburg queen, Anne of Austria (1601-1666), the future Louis XIV was his parents’ first child after In his introduction to The Age of Louis XIV (1751), Voltaire explained that his purpose in writing it was ‘to provide posterity with an account of the achievements of the human spirit in the most enlightened age there has ever been…and it is perhaps the one…which approaches most nearly to … Blunt) The Age of Louis XIV (exposition, Londres, Royal Academy of arts, 1958), London : Royal Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, dominates the history of his age and exemplifies the role and power of the absolute monarch in Europe. He encouraged the building of the French mercantile marine and established a number of overseas trading companies, in particular the East India and Levant companies, neither of which had much success. The Works of Voltaire. Frederick used French practice to justify his attacks with the bayonet, and his ‘short and lively’ wars reflected French strategic traditions. The second rebellious group in the Fronde, the members of the Parlement of Paris, were likewise subjected to stringent controls. He turned a large part of central and northern France into a free-trade area and gave the responsibility for collecting all indirect taxes there to a new syndicate of tax farmers called the Farmers-General. 2520 The Age of Absolutism Louis XIV and Divine Right monarchy; the rise of Prussia and Russia; colonial rivalries; the exaltation of science and reason; the nature of the Old Regime; enlightened despotism. You could not be signed in. This article demonstrates that the military ideas of King Frederick the Great of Prussia up to the Seven Years War (1756–1763) were primarily inspired by France, and particularly by the towering figure of King Louis XIV. Louis XIV was the best example of an absolute monarch. 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