In the war ministry that was formed, headed by Scharnhorst, Clausewitz served as his mentor’s assistant and was then simultaneously appointed a major in the general staff, instructor at the new Officers’ Academy, and military tutor to the Prussian crown prince. Carl Von Clausewitz’s legitimacy as an astute observer of war emanates from his extensive experience both on the battlefield and in the library. ", Paul Donker, "The Evolution of Clausewitz's, Christopher Bassford, "Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'", C. Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz", Alan D. Beyerchen, "Clausewitz, Nonlinearity and the Unpredictability of War", C. Bassford, "Tiptoe Through the Trinity", "The Other Clausewitz": V. Bellinger's Blog on Marie von Clausewitz. Since later readers have been largely unaware of the reasons for the glaring inconsistency in On War, while being impressed by its sophistication, they have tended to concentrate on those ideas that most accorded with the spirit of their own times. While Carl von Clausewitz is often quoted, in reality his treatise On War is rarely studied in depth. Carl von Clausewitz defined strategy as “the use of the engagement to attain the object of war” (390). However, Graham's edition only contains the first four books of the work. At the same time, Clausewitz believed that a general theory of war was attainable and that it should express war’s immutable essence, nature, or concept and guide all military action. Carl von Clausewitz has 153 books on Goodreads with 43267 ratings. His tenure as head of the Military Academy at Berlin (1818–30) left him plenty of time to work on his major study On War. This curious development of Clausewitz’s work has had a profound effect on the reception of his ideas. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In the spirit of their time, the military thinkers of the Enlightenment had believed that war ought to come under the domination of reason. He is the author of many books, including Dante's Broken Hammer (Repeater, 2016). It was in this form that Clausewitz’s widow published the manuscript after his death. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. “Courage, above all things, is the first quality of a warrior.” -- Carl von Clausewitz. He came to the conclusion that there were in fact two types of war, total (or absolute) and limited, and that it was, above all, political aims and requirements that imposed themselves on war and dictated its intensity—hence his famous dictum, “War is a continuation of state policy with the admixture of other means.” In the light of these new ideas, Clausewitz added the last two books of On War and started to revise the first six. It has been translated into English several times as On War. Thus, the manuscript remained as an incomplete draft—Books Two to Six expressed his old ideas regarding the supremacy of the decisive battle and total war, whereas the beginning and end of On War proclaimed the subservience of war to politics and consequently the legitimacy of limited war. After their release at the end of 1807, Clausewitz joined the group of young and middle-rank officers around Scharnhorst, who struggled to reform the Prussian army. “ — Carl von Clausewitz, … Translation by the author based on Christopher Bassford, The primacy of the `Trinity´ in Clausewitz`s mature thought. Written: circa 1827 First Published: after Clausewitz's death in 1831 Source: 1874, 1st edition of the translation. (Late R.E.) Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), particularly if you are using this book for your scholarly or research work. most modern of strategic theorists. A Letter to Clausewitz Haters from Beyond The Grave. Professor of Political Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Carl von Clausewitz, in full Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz, (born June 1, 1780, Burg, near Magdeburg, Prussia [Germany]—died Nov. 16, 1831, Breslau, Silesia [now Wrocław, Pol. However, once disillusionment with total war had set in after the two world wars of the 20th century, and with the advent of nuclear weapons, interpretations completely reversed themselves. Omissions? Here is the second revolution that dominated his life. War is not an independent phenomenon, but the continuation of politics by different means. In 1812, when Prussia was forced to join Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, Clausewitz, like some of his comrades, resigned his commission and joined the Russian service. A comprehensive theory based on rules and principles ought to be formulated and, wherever possible, given a mathematical form. Author of. Updates? For most readers of military history two theorists stand out, the Prussian Carl von Clausewitz and the Chinese Sun Tzu. Birthplace: Burg, Magdeburg, Prussia, Germany Location of death: Breslau, Silesi. [Note that many of the links on this site point to materials maintained by ClausewitzStudies.org.]. However, in 1827 Clausewitz began to have serious doubts about whether total war was really the sole legitimate type of war. • "The Other Clausewitz": V. Bellinger's Blog on Marie von Clausewitz INTRODUCTION: The Prussian military thinker Carl von Clausewitz is widely acknowledged as the most important of the classical strategic thinkers. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On War - Volume 1 book. —Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Book 1, Chapter 1. The Continuing Relevance of Carl von Clausewitz (Cham: Springer Nature, 2020), 73. Carl von Clausewitz Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia "Clausewitz" đổi hướng tới đây. Carl von Clausewitz’s most popular book is On War. Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was a German-Prussian soldier and military … Guidance: Which translation of Clausewitz do you have? Clausewitz enlisted in the Prussian army in 1792, and in 1793–95 he took part (and was commissioned) in the campaigns of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France. If you are looking for the complete works I recommend Carl von Clausewitz, On War, eds. Vom Kriege (German pronunciation: [fɔm ˈkʁiːɡə]) is a book on war and military strategy by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), written mostly after the Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and published posthumously by his wife Marie von Brühl in 1832. Source: Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. It looks at the relevance of Clausewitz, the general operational plan in Iraq, and the vital Clausewitzian theories such as the Importance of Political Will, Policy Makers Shaping Military Strategy, Center … Carl von Clausewitz was born on 1 June 1780 in Burg, near Madgeburg. most frequently cited, the most controversial, and in many respects the Clausewitz’s ideas were shaped by the coming together of two revolutions that dominated his life and times. The broad curriculum, coupled with Clausewitz’s extensive reading, expanded his horizons dramatically. von Marie von Clausewitz), mentre per tornare, infine alla “Clausewitz … (We often refer to this as "H/P.") "War is the continuation of politics by..." - Carl von Clausewitz quotes from BrainyQuote.com MAIN CONTENT — To access our main content categories, see the navigation bar at the top of your screen. Carl von Clausewitz. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In 1801 he gained admission into the Institute for Young Officers in Berlin, an event that proved to be a turning point in his life. Clausewitz was ill at ease in society and more in his element among a small circle of fellow military reformers. AKA Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz. 1780–d. After finishing first in his class, Clausewitz was on the road leading to the centre of the political and military events during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, the reform of the Prussian army that followed Prussia’s defeat, and the restoration of European monarchies following the defeat of Napoleon. If the leader is filled with high ambition and if he pursues his aims with audacity and strength … 2. The Clausewitz Studies Newsletter, edited by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger, is currently in a "creative pause." INTRODUCTION: The Prussian military thinker Carl von Clausewitz is widely acknowledged as the most important of the classical strategic thinkers. The reformers believed that Prussia’s only hope of survival in the age of mass enlistment, as introduced by Revolutionary France, was in adopting similar institutions. Then, at the tender age of twelve, he was introduced to the bleak realities of war while serving in the Prussian army as a lance corporal. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. and other organizations concerned with human competition and conflict. These elements, especially the enemy’s counteractions, give war a nonlinear logic. Clausewitz took part in the final campaigns that brought down Napoleon in 1813–15. Strategic thinkers of the nuclear age now picked up the ideas found in the later stage of Clausewitz’s work regarding limited war and the careful political direction of war. Graham Harman is Distinguished University Professor at the American University in Cairo. ", Article: Paul Donker, "The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece", Paper: Christopher Bassford, "Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'", Article: Jon T. Sumida, "The Clausewitz Problem", Article: C. Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz", Article: Alan D. Beyerchen, "Clausewitz, Nonlinearity and the Unpredictability of War", Paper: C. Bassford, "Tiptoe Through the Trinity", Review Essay: Bruno Colson, "Clausewitz for Every War". Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1–3, Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin 1832–1834 (hrsg. He died while working on Book One, however. Nature War Always. It was Clausewitz’s emphasis on morale, concentration of force, the decisive battle, and the complete overthrow of the enemy that were highlighted in the intellectual climate of that time. His generation witnessed the collapse of the limited warfare of ancien régimes in the face of the all-out effort and strategy of destruction, or total war, unleashed by the French Revolution and Napoleon. His basic ideas regarding war and its theory were shaped at that time. VOL I (2016): No.1 - No.2 - No.3 - No.4 -  On war, by Carl von Clausewitz 1968, Penguin in English - New and revised ed / edited by F.N. Carl von Clausewitz. This website and its academic sister ClausewitzStudies.org are intended as a central source for information, and trans. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-von-Clausewitz, Academia - Clausewitz and Limited Nuclear Options, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz, Karl von Clausewitz - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). However, Prussia’s victories in the German Wars of Unification—orchestrated by a self-declared disciple of Clausewitz, Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke—made Clausewitz the most celebrated strategic authority by the late 19th century. accommodate anyone interested in understanding human strategies, including While very conscious of the changing social and political conditions that had brought about this transformation of warfare, Clausewitz, like his contemporaries, held that the new, sweeping way of war making, culminating in the decisive battle and the overthrow of the enemy country, reflected the true nature of war and the correct method of its conduct. is widely acknowledged as the most important of the classical strategic thinkers. not only scholarly researchers on Clausewitz but also students and faculty The Prussian-German soldier and military philosopher Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz (b. He ruled out any rigid system of rules and principles for the conduct of war, celebrating instead the free operation of genius, changing historical conditions, moral forces, and the elements of uncertainty and chance. M ajor General Carl von Clausewitz’s On War sparks discussions in military classrooms across the world. [1] It all seems so simple: just force others to comply with what you want. Colonel J.J. Graham's translation of the original work is adequate. It also includes a great deal of ancillary information (e.g., on Clausewitz-related tourism, graphics, humor) that may be of use to those researching, writing, or teaching about Clausewitz. During the Waterloo campaign, he served as chief of staff to one of the four Prussian army corps. In 1804 Clausewitz was appointed adjutant to Prince August Ferdinand of Prussia. The categories are: Videos, Graphics, FAQs, and Bookstores (which run on Clausewitz.com), and Readings, Texts, and Bibliographies (which now run on ClausewitzStudies.org). He served in various staff posts, and during the catastrophic French retreat he was instrumental in generating the chain of events that ultimately drove Prussia to change sides. Wars are fought for a reason. Von Clausewitz fought in the battle for the Russian Imperial Army against Napoleon's forces. On War by Carl von Clausewitz On War by Carl von Clausewitz Scanned by Charles Keller with OmniPage Professional OCR software On War by General Carl von Clausewitz ON WAR GENERAL CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ TRANSLATED BY COLONEL J.J. GRAHAM {1874 was 1st edition of this translation. Đối với the part of defence of Berlin during the World War II, xem Operation Clausewitz. Read 5 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. His most notable work, … The dictum is nevertheless quite wrong. the theories of Carl Von Clausewitz and Operation Iraqi Freedom. in professional military education (PME) institutions, business schools, On War. Corrections? A Letter to Clausewitz Haters from Beyond The Grave. During these years, Clausewitz married Countess Marie von Bruhl, with whom he formed a very close but childless union. Appointed chief of staff to the Prussian army that prepared for intervention against the Polish revolt of 1831, Clausewitz died of cholera that year.   Note: This item will not display properly under HTTPS. …great contemporary, the Prussian theorist, …military theoreticians, the Prussian general. 1909 was the London reprinting.} articles, and arguments about the man and his ideas. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, eds./trans. Carl von Clausewitz, in full Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz, (born June 1, 1780, Burg, near Magdeburg, Prussia [Germany]—died Nov. 16, 1831, Breslau, Silesia [now Wrocław, Pol. In the communist camp as well—following Vladimir Lenin’s perusal of Clausewitz’s work during World War I—commentators praised Clausewitz’s understanding of the political context of war, while maintaining that his grasp of the social context did not go far enough and while also criticizing his nationalism. The contemporary reception of the Prussian General’s formulation of strategy varies greatly. Howard/Paret translation (1976/1984). Politics War Independent. Hinterlassenes Werk des Generals Carl von Clausewitz, Bd. Against this Clausewitz argued, in line with Romantic critics, that human affairs and war in particular were very different from natural phenomena and the sciences. 2 talking about this. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976, revised 1984).This is the most recent full English translation of On War and is generally considered to be the standard version, though it is not the most accurate translation available. New and Revised edition with Introduction and Notes by Col. F.N. LOL.' INTRODUCTION: The Prussian military thinker Carl von Clausewitz With the Prussian army demolished and the prince captured, Prussia was forced to give up half of its territory in the concluding peace treaty. Clausewitz’s off-quoted dictum appears the master key to victory. A “Clausewitz renaissance” in academia and the armed forces throughout the West ensued. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). General Carl von Clausewitz (1827) On War New and Revised Edition with an Introduction and Notes by Colonel F.N. LOL.' Even though he's been dead for nearly two centuries, he remains a powerful living influence: the For decades after Clausewitz’s death, On War remained a respected but little-known work. “No one starts a war--or rather, no one in his sense ought to do so--without first being clear in his … Correct the URL if necessary. Carl von Clausewitz. … War, wrote the famed nineteenth-century military strategist Carl von Clausewitz, should not be compared to art, but rather to commerce, “which is also a conflict of human interests and activities.” Col. J.J. Graham. It’s very hard indeed to think of a single thinker or writer who looms as large over their chosen field of study as Carl von Clausewitz. Maude C.B. What Darwin accomplished for Biology generally Clausewitz did for the Life-History of Nations nearly half a century before him, for both have proved the existence of the same law in each case, viz., \"The survival of the fittest\"the \"fittest,\" as Huxley long since pointed out, not being necessarily synonymous with the ethically \"best.\" Neither of these thinkers was concerned with the ethics of the struggle which each studied so exhaustively, but to both men the phase or condition presented itself neither as moral nor im… Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. No.5 - No.6 - No.7 - No.8 - No.9, From Our Sister Site, ClausewitzStudies.com, Blog: Steve ["Doctrine Man"] Leonard, "'You Really Think I'm Irrelevant? No.5 - No.6 - No.7 - No.8 - No.9, VOL II (2017): No.1 - No.2 - No.3 - No.4 -  His father came from a pastor family and he had served as an officer in the Prussian army yet he was forced to give up his position like other non-noble officers during the Seven Years’ War. However, such a modernization of society, state, and army was widely resisted among the aristocratic elite, which feared an erosion of its status. In this capacity, he took part in the Battle of Jena-Auerstädt (1806). Every simple action encounters “friction”—in Clausewitz’s borrowed metaphor from mechanics—which slows it down and may frustrate it. Like his friends in the reform circle, he looked for any opportunity to wage a national war of liberation against France, and he was repeatedly frustrated by the king’s hesitation to act against the much superior French power. His unfinished work, together with his historical studies, was posthumously published by his widow. He was born the son of a Prussian lieutenant in 1781. NEW AND REVISED EDITION Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was a Prussian soldier and German military theorist who stressed the moral and political aspects of war. In Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe (Eds.). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In the wake of Prussia’s catastrophic defeat by Napoleon, he and the prince fell into French captivity. "'You Really Think I'm Irrelevant? Determination in a single instance is an expression of courage; if it becomes characteristic, a mental habit. He had expressed this view in his writings through 1827, when the first six books of On War (out of an eventual eight) had been completed. Maude, abridged edited with an introduction by Anatol Rapoport. „The state of crisis is the real war; the equilibrium is nothing but its reflex. These issue are still on-line. Introduction. He had been thinking and writing on war and its theory since his days in the Institute for Young Officers. Intellectually, he expressed in the military field the sweeping Romantic reaction against the ideas of the Enlightenment, a reaction that had been brewing in Germany since the late 18th century and that had turned into a tidal wave by the beginning of the 19th century in response to French Revolutionary ideas and imperialism. ]), Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy. “Clausewitz … Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military theorist who fought against the French during the Napoleonic Wars. ]), Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy. With the coming of peace and the setting in of the reaction to the terms of the treaty in Prussia, which clouded his career, Clausewitz increasingly concentrated on his intellectual interests. During his three years at the institute, Clausewitz became the closest protégé of Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst, the institute’s head. 1831) served as a practical field soldier with extensive combat experience against the armies of revolutionary and Napoleonic France, as a staff officer with political/military responsibilities at the very center of the Prussian state, and as a prominent military educator. It is designed to Maude, abridged edited with an introduction and Notes by Colonel F.N reality his treatise On War its. And proofread by Project Gutenberg: just force others to comply with what you ’ submitted! Military philosopher Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was ill at ease in society and more in element... Of his ideas links On this site point to materials maintained by.! 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